Nail Changes That May Signal Health Problems

Healthy nails are generally pink, with a smooth surface, and do not break easily. Changes in nail color, shape, or texture are often caused by simple things such as an injury, but they can sometimes also be a clue to a health problem.

What Healthy Nails Look Like

Healthy nails grow evenly with a uniform pink color, without noticeable spots, dents, or lines. Fingernails grow faster than toenails, so changes in fingernails usually show up sooner. Fine lengthwise ridges that appear with age are generally normal.

Nail Changes and Their Possible Causes

Here are some fairly common nail changes and their possible causes. A single nail change does not necessarily point to a specific disease, so the diagnosis still needs to be confirmed by a doctor.

1. Thick, Yellowish Nails

Fungal infection is one of the most common causes of nail abnormalities. The nail may appear thickened, brittle, yellowish in color, and separated from the nail bed. Nails that are frequently exposed to water and moisture, especially toenails, are more prone to this infection. A yellow color can also result from smoking or wearing nail polish for long periods.

2. Pale or Spoon-Shaped Nails

Pale nails or nails with a concave, spoon-like shape may be linked to iron deficiency anemia. This condition is usually accompanied by other complaints such as tiring easily, dizziness, or pale skin.

3. Small Pits on the Nail Surface

Small pits on the nail surface can be found in psoriasis, an inflammatory skin disease that can also affect the nails. The nails may also look thickened or discolored.

4. Curved Nails and Enlarged Fingertips

Nails that curve around enlarged fingertips may be related to lung or heart disorders that cause low blood oxygen levels over a long period. This change usually happens gradually.

5. Horizontal Lines Across the Nail

Dents in the form of horizontal lines can appear a few weeks after the body goes through a serious illness, a high fever, or a nail injury, because nail growth was temporarily slowed. These lines move outward as the nail grows.

6. Dark Lengthwise Lines

Brown or black lines running lengthwise along the nail can be normal, especially in people with darker skin. However, a dark line that is new, widening, changing color, or whose color spreads to the skin around the nail should be checked promptly to rule out skin cancer.

7. Brittle Nails That Break Easily

Brittle nails are often caused by frequent exposure to water, soap, or detergent, as well as aging. In some people, brittle nails can also be related to thyroid disorders or a lack of certain nutrients.

When Should You See a Doctor?

See a doctor promptly if you experience:

• A dark line on a nail that is new, widening, or changing color.
• A nail that is lifting off, painful, swollen, or oozing pus.
• Nail changes together with other complaints such as shortness of breath, tiring easily, or paleness.
• Nail changes that do not improve or keep persisting.

Tips for Keeping Your Nails Healthy

• Keep your nails clean and dry, especially after washing your hands or bathing.
• Trim your nails regularly and straight across so they do not grow inward.
• Wear gloves when washing dishes or using cleaning products.
• Apply moisturizer to your nails and the surrounding skin.
• Avoid biting your nails or pulling at the skin around them.
• Eat a balanced, nutritious diet.

If you notice unusual nail changes that persist, consult a doctor to find out the cause. You can start with a consultation with a doctor through DokterIN.